International journal of Terrorism & National Security

Disputes, which are represented by conflict, crash, war or etc., stems from the disagreement on idelolgy , ethnicity, religions, resources, and even social values. Since the nation States were established during the modern area, confrontations and conflicts have existed among the nation actors. In addition, disputes due to the emergence of ethnic separtism supported by the minorities in the nation States have transformed into serious armed conflicts. Armed confrontaions and terrorism continued to arise in manuy areas in conflict. Thus, damages of human lives and properties have increased and expanded since then. Considering the major conflicts in 1990s, armed disputes between Israel and Palestine, diputes on borderlines between Iraq and Kuwait, Bosnian War, Chechen War, and a New Cold War around Afghanistan can be suggested as examples. These types of disputes and armed conflicts are reported frequently by the media, and they draw attention from the international society as well. Mostly, these disputes and armed conflicts occurred in the Eastern Europe and the Middle East. However, there are far more ongoing disputes which are relatively unknown to outside around the world, and some of them have come to a conclusion recently. With the advent of the New Millennuim, which brought a positive prospect of weakening Nationalism, most of disputes and armed conflicts w ere predicted to be terminated. On the contrary to the prospect, nationalism still plays the most important role as a center of ideologies that influence the world and the international society. Ideological conflicts between the right and the left ceased t o exist in the late 20th century, thus the needs backgrounded by the nationalism which were oppressed during the cold war have expressed throughout the world. These phenomena are remarkable in the region once a part of the Soviet Union. Ethinc conflicts in this region result from the oppression and discrimination against the ethnic minorities by the ethnic majorities or the nation States. In general, the ethnic majorities or the the nation States have the superior power or militray force to the minorities. As a result, the oppression against the minorities and the resistance against the majorities or the nation States have become in confrontation. Chechen war is a typical example of this conflict. Eve n though Northern Ireland has a diffirent historical backgrounds, the armed conflicts in Northern Ireland are similar cases to this type of conflicts. What is important is to identify the root casue of taking violent methods to resolve the ethnic conflicts, and the effort to find a peaceful resolution in dealing with the armed conflicts should be considered and implemented. It is never too much to emphasize that the nature of ethnicity and nationalism, which cannot be resloved by the force.

North Korean refugees have legal citizenship of Republic of Korea, but the South Korean government has re-duced its support policy on North Korean refugees in size and scope. Unsatisfied expectations to South Korean society and a significant gap between the expectation and the real life in South Korea lead some of North Korean refugees to criminal activities. For these reasons, some of North Korean refugees fall into a social outcast or criminal offenders due to failure of adjusting to South Korea. In some extreme cases, they may use IEDs, which can be easily obtained and manufactured, as a way of criminal offense to express their anger and frustration to South Korea. This should be taken into consideration. Improvised Explosive Device(IED) is an off-hand manufactured device using destructive, fatal and harmful spark-induced materials or sensitive chemicals. In general, it means homemade bombs and destructor for inca-pacity. Especially, IEDs are commonly used by the vandalist, terrorists, suicide bombers, and rebels. In using the IEDs, ways of manufacturing is quite simple and extempore. Improvised Explosive Device(IED) consists of main charge, initiating system, and casing in general. Main charge is the most important component in explosion, and military ammunition is most preferred. Also, there are cases of blending dynamites or chemicals recently. First, it needs to be explore the tendency of organizing and ferocity of crimes committed by North Korean refugees based on the fact that there is ongoing movement of being collective. It is not totally excluded that they might conduct terrorist attacks on multi-purposed facilities. Thus the countermeasures for the possible attacks should be prepared and management on North Korean refugees’ network should be enhanced. Second, spreading method of making IEDs and selling the law materials to make IEDs through the Internet are reported and committing suicide or damaging others by IEDs are increasing. If North Korean refugees obtain or manufacture IEDs and make use of it when committing crime, the effect would be tremendous. Thus, crack downs on illegal trafficking or illegal websites should be implemented nationwide. Thirdly, lack of sufficient settle down programs and employment programs causes failure in adjusting to South Korea, and it leads to terrorism of expressing their anger. Therefore repairing the legal and systemic measures is needed. Lastly, If the collateral damage is inevitable, cooperative measures on IEDs among the related authorities should be built and performed to minimize the collateral damage and social cost and to maximize the effective-ness as techniques for terrorist attacks evolved and developed.

The Internet has some benefits, such as easy access, a vast range of reachable targets, fast flow of information and so on. These benefits make terrorist groups use the Internet and social media services for terrorist purposes. Despite the wide-ranging influence of the Internet-based terrorism, however, most of concerns on cyber terrorism are on cyberattacks. This study suggested the comprehensive approach to cyber terrorism, and for this, explored the types of ter-rorist use of the Internet and social media services. The contents of the terrorist website and social media services are divided into three parts: current or potential supporters, international public opinion, and their ‘targets’ or ‘enemies’. Terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda and ISIS already built their organizational network on the Internet and social media service, and the political and economic gap between developed countries and less-developed countries brought the possibility of proliferation on terrorism. And the Internet is a communication measure that terrorist groups can easily use and reach to keep their networks. Moreover the popularity of social service attracts many youth to join the terrorist activities. To counter the terrorist use of the Internet, first and foremost, co-operation in global level is needed. Interna-tional conventions and treaties on regulation of communication for terrorist purpose should be made and brought into force. The most appropriate organization will be the United Nations as its major role is maintaining peace in the world. Next, it is also needed to build a network to control the Internet-based communication. Con-sidering the gaps in counter-terrorism abilities among the countries, it is needed to build a comprehensive control network for countering terrorist communications. Establishment of organization for controlling the terrorist com-munication is a method to deal with the problem at hand. Lastly, environmental and perceptional change is needed to build atmosphere against terrorism. Awareness on terrorism should be raised. Videos and interviews posted on the Internet justify their ideologies and actions. Furthermore it attracts people into their logics and groups. Thus, development of counter-narrative should be considered. Constructing and maintaining soft power will be effective in countering their narratives.